The Seduction Eileen McAuley To His Coy Mistress Andrew Marvell Eileen

The Seduction Eileen McAuley To His Coy Mistress Andrew Marvell Eileen McAuley’s The Seduction is set against the bleak surroundings of Merseyside. ‘The Seduction’ Eileen McAuley ‘To His Coy Mistress’ Andrew Marvell Eileen McAuley’s ‘The Seduction’ is set against the bleak surroundings of Merseyside. The purpose of the story is to show a teenage girl’s predicament after getting drunk at a party. The poet contrasts the girl’s ideas of love and sex with reality. This is done effectively by using techniques such as similes and alliteration. The poem shows how young teenage girls can be easily seduced under the influence of alcohol. ‘The Seduction’ also shows how young girls can be manipulated by the media. McAuley presents the setting for the seduction of the girl as harsh through use of language and imagery. The setting is described using phrases such as ‘far from the blind windows of the tower blocks’. The words ‘tower blocks’ gives the setting a threatening atmosphere. Also the words ‘blind windows’ adds mystery to the setting. This is because the two words are contrasting. The word ‘blind’ is usually associated with visionless. While ‘windows’ are usually see-through. ‘The Seduction’ is set in the ‘quiet bricks of Birkenhead’ suggesting that place that he takes her to is remote. ‘Far past the silver stream of traffic through the city’ this is implies that they were distant from the busy city leaving them isolated this makes the girl vulnerable. A lot of the language used in 'The Seduction' is symbolic. ‘So she followed him there all high white shoes’ is an example of symbolic poetry. The shoes are described as white to present a symbol of purity, which is a major theme in the poem. Towards the... ... Mistress’ is to show the effects of a seduction. ‘The Seduction’ focuses on a teenage seduction whereas ‘To His Coy Mistress’ focuses on a more matured seduction. McAuley’s poem ‘The Seduction’ is critical of teenage magazines. McAuley shows a disliking attitude towards the contents of teenage magazines. This may be because she is against the way love and romance is presented these types of magazines. McAuley is also critical of society’s attitude towards teenage pregnancy. She explores how things like anorexia and drugs amongst teenagers are accepted by society and how teenage pregnancy is not. McAuley also criticizes prejudice and stereotyping in the society. I enjoyed reading both ‘The Seduction’ and ‘To His Coy Mistress’. I preferred Eileen McAuley’s ‘The Seduction because it has a more meaningful message, also because it is directed at my age group.

An outline of the history of linguistics Essay

†¢ Hindu Tradition o Had its origins in the 1st millennium BC o Stimulated by changes in Sanskrit o Panini (c. 500 BC) is the best known grammarian o Panini’s grammar of Sanskrit covered phonetics and morphology †¢ The Greek Origin o The Greek tradition of linguistics developed in response to Homer’s epics. The Greeks founded the European tradition. o IMPORTANT THEMES IN THE GREEK TRADITION INCLUDE: ? The origin of language ? Classification of words (parts of speech) ? The relation between language and thought ? The relation between two aspects of word-signs (whether form and meaning are connected by nature or by  convention. 1 o Plato (c. 429-347 BC) distinguished between Nouns and Verbs. He favored nature over convention. o Aristotle’s (384-322 BC) main contributions to linguistics are as follows: †¢ He divided words into Nouns, Verbs, and Adjectives. †¢ He divided the sentence into two parts, SUBJECT and PREDICATE. †¢ He classified GENDER into masculine, feminine, and neutral. †¢ He was the first to distinguish between the different types of TENSE a verb carries. o Thrax (100 BC) produced the first complete grammar of Greek. He concluded that Greek words fell into just eight classes, which we call the parts of speech. Thrax’s description of Greek has become the basis of all grammatical description in Europe until the 20th century. 2 †¢ Roman Tradition o After the Roman conquest of Greece in the mid-2nd century BC, Roman scholars learned of the Greek work, and they began to apply the same analysis to their own language, Latin. o One of the most influential Roman grammarians is Priscian, who wrote in the 6th century AD. Priscian’s description of Latin is still what we find in most school textbooks of Latin today. †¢ Arabic Tradition The oldest Arabic grammarian is Abu-Alaswad al-Du’ali, who established diacritical marks and vowels for Arabic in the mid-600s. o The schools of Basra and Kufa in the late 700s. o From the school of Basra, two representatives laid important foundations for the field: Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi authored the first Arabic dictionary and book of Arabic prosody, and his student Sibawayh authored the first book on theories of Arabic grammar. 3 †¢ The Port-Royal Grammar o The 17th-century French scholars, known as the Port-Royal Circle, put together a remarkably original â€Å"universal† grammar of French that is very different from the Priscianic tradition. o The central argument of the Grammar is that grammar is  simply mental processes, which are universal; therefore grammar is universal. o The Port Royal Grammar had a pedagogical goal as its primary one. However, this goal was not learning a specific language, but rather learning any language. It aims to provide an overview of the grammatical features shared by all languages. o As such, it was part of Port Royal’s overall program of changing language teaching methodology 4 o A TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF THEIR ANALYSIS IS AS FOLLOWS: The invisible God created the visible world This sentence is analyzed as†¦ God, who is invisible, created the world, which is visible †¦. Which in turn is decomposed into the three propositions†¦ God is invisible God created the world The world is visible †¢ Historical Linguistics o Towards the end of the 18th century, European linguists began to realize that certain languages exhibited systematic resemblances. Linguists believed that these languages derive from one single ancestor. o For example, the English ‘f’ sound often corresponds to a ‘p’ sound in, among others, Latin and Sanskrit, an important ancient language of India. 5 Franz Bopp Jakob Grimm Rasmus Rask. Were able to show that almost all of the languages of Europe and many languages of Asia were all related. As a result, the study of language change and of the prehistories of languages, called HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS, became the most important way of studying languages. †¢ An example of the kind of systematic correspondence that attracted early attention is shown in the following table. English Latin Greek father Pater Pater Foot Ped- Pod- For Pro Para Six Sex Hexa Seven Septem Hepta Salt Sal Hal New Novus neos 6 THE MOST SIGNIFICANT ACHIEVEMENT OF THE 19TH CENTURY LINGUISTIC SCHOLARSHIP WAS (1) to establish the principles and methods used in setting up language families, and (2) to develop a general theory of language change and linguistic relationship. The 19th century is called the â€Å"golden age of philology†. This program of historical linguistics continues today. Linguists have succeeded in grouping the 5,000 or so languages of the world into a number of language families sharing a common ancestor. The Origins of General Linguistics The modern field of linguistics dates from the beginning of the 19th century. Towards the end of the 19th century, the non-historical study of language structure began to reassert itself. Scholars published important observations about word structure and sound structure in languages. This kind of work we now call GENERAL LINGUISTICS: the study of how languages are put together and how they work. 7 Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1013) In the early years of the 20th century, Saussure began lecturing on general linguistics at the University of Geneva. He died without ever publishing his ideas. In 1916, his students collected and edited their lecture notes in a volume with Saussure’s name on it. Saussure defined Language as a ‘system of distinct signs corresponding to distinct ideas’. He insisted that a language system can be separated from the complexities of speech and studied on its own. Before Saussure, most linguists perceived a language as primarily a collection of objects, such as speech sounds, words and grammatical endings. Saussure argued instead that a language is a structured system of elements, in which the place of each element is defined chiefly by how it relates to other elements. This approach is called STRUCTURALISM. †¢ Words are signs, and in linguistics we are studying the science of signs: semiology. And signs took on a value depending on words adjacent in use or meaning. English has sheep and mutton but French has only mouton for both uses. †¢ Langue (French, meaning â€Å"language†) and parole (meaning â€Å"speech†) are linguistic terms distinguished by Saussure. Langue encompasses the abstract, systematic rules and conventions of a signifying system. 8 Langue involves the principles of language, without which no meaningful utterance, â€Å"parole†, would be possible. †¢ Parole refers to the concrete instances of the use of langue. This is the individual, personal phenomenon of language as a series of speech acts made by a linguistic subject. Saussure did not concern himself overly with parole; however, the structure of langue is revealed through the study of parole. †¢ A further aspect of Saussure’s work is an emphasis upon two different approaches to the study of language: a synchronic approach, in which we focus on the structure of a language at a particular moment in time (not necessarily the present), and a diachronic approach, in which we look at the development of a language over time. The Prague Circle After the 1st World War (1926), a number of East European linguists congregated in the Czech city of Prague. They developed structuralist ideas. Their primary interest was phonological theory. They also made contributions to syntax. †¢ Trubetzkoy (1890-1938) introduced the notion of phoneme and opposition. An example of his analysis of phonology is the way the 9 word caught is pronounced. This word is pronounced the same in American and Canadian accents. However, in most American accents, caught is pronounced differently from cot, while in Canadian accents caught and cot are pronounced identically. †¢ Jakobson (1896 – 1982) is a pioneer of the structural analysis of language. He developed techniques for the analysis of sound systems in languages (phonology). He applied these techniques to syntax, morphology, and semantics. He distinguished between phonology and phonetics. Jakobson defined semiotics as ‘the general science of signs, which has as its basic discipline linguistics, the science of verbal signs’. Linguistics provides the model of analyzing language as a structured system that â€Å" produces meanings†. Semiotics attempts to extend this approach to other non-linguistic systems, that is, to every aspect of social experience that can be analyzed as structured systems of signs (e.g. , traffic systems and architecture). 10 The Origins of American Linguistics Franz Boas (1858-1942) is an anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the â€Å"Father of American Anthropology†. Boas worked to demonstrate that differences in human behavior was primarily not determined by innate biological dispositions, but was largely the result of cultural differences acquired through social learning. In this way Boas introduced culture as the primary concept for describing behavioral differences in behavior between human groups, and as the central analytical concept of anthropology. He studied the dying cultures of Native Americans and realized that good investigation of these cultures required knowledge of their languages. Edward Sapir (1884 -1939) is also an anthropologist. He was Boas’s most famous student. He studied the ways in which language and culture influence each other, and he was interested in the relation between linguistic differences, and differences in cultural world views (e. g. , whom and who). 11 The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897 – 1941) is Sapir’s best-known student. He pursued his teacher’s interests and produced a number of studies of native American and Canadian languages. He argues that the structure of our language must, to some extent, determine the way we perceive the world. This idea is called â€Å"the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis† or â€Å" The Linguistic Relativity†. †¢ The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis states that there are certain thoughts of an individual in one language that cannot be understood by those who live in another language. †¢ The hypothesis states that the way people think is strongly affected by their native languages. For example, (1) the number and type of the basic color words of a language determine how a subject sees the rainbow (how we see camels). Example (2): the Navaho language of Arizona is rich in words for talking about lines of various shapes and colors. Among the hundred or so words available for this purpose are: Adziisgai ‘ a group of parallel white lines running off into the distance’. 12 (3). Navaho place names are geometrical in nature. For example, a certain striking rock formation in Arizona is called Navaho Tse Ahe ii aha Tse Ahe ii aha means â€Å"TWO ROCKS STANDING VERTICALLY PARALLEL IN A VERTICAL RELATIONSHIP TO EACH OTHER†. English speakers see objects resembling other objects.. They call these rocks â€Å"elephant’s feet†. A pioneer of American Structuralism Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949) is another linguist who turned American linguistics somewhat away from its anthropological and cultural connections toward a more focused concentration on language structure in its own right. 13 He showed that the techniques of historical linguistics (already applied so successfully to European and Asian languages) could be applied with equal success to native (North) American languages. Bloomfield’s primary concern was to establish linguistics as a science. But he became best known for his 1933 textbook in which he presented a carefully articulated approach to the structuralist analysis of languages, far more explicit and detailed that Saussure’s analysis had been ( e. g. , gender in an Algonquian language ‘raspberry and knee= animate, while strawberry and elbow=inanimate). Bloomfield was influenced by behaviorist psychology. He denied the relevance of â€Å"mind†; that is , he opposed the mentalism that had characterized the American linguistics of Boas, Sapir, and their students. Chomsky’s Generative Grammar Noam Chomsky is the world’s most influential linguist. Chomsky introduced his generative ideas in a brief 1957 book, Syntactic Structures. 14 What is generative grammar? A generative grammar of a language attempts to give a set of rules that will correctly predict which combinations of words will form grammatical sentences. Generative grammar is a FORMAL grammar. It is explicit about what is compatible with it. Some rules of forming English sentences (phrase-structure rules): 1. S? NP VP 2. NP? Det N’ 3. N’? N 5. VP? V NP Possible noun phrases: the little girl my cat Possible verb phrases: hugged her dolly claws the sofa These rules are designed to stipulate exactly what can and cannot be a sentence of English. For example, the allow things like The little girl hugged her dolly and my cat claws the sofa But they do not allow things like *Little the girl her dolly hugged. 15 1. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously 2. *Furiously sleep ideas green colorless. Sentence (1) is perfectly grammatical because we know which category to put each word in the sentence (noun, verb, adjective, adverb). adj adj N V adv Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. We understand how to group these into subject and predicate: adj adj N. [Colorless green ideas ] subject V adv [ sleep furiously]. predicate And we know that â€Å"colorless green ideas† are directly related to â€Å"sleep†, connecting the subject and predicate. Because we know how to logically group parts of speech, we know that adv V N adj adj Furiously sleep ideas green colorless. is not a grammatical (ungrammatical/ ill-formed) sentence, simply because we cannot group these same words in a different order at all logically. Chomsky effectively proved that we have a built-in awareness of grammaticality, because we can explain why â€Å"colorless green ideas sleep furiously† is  acceptable and â€Å"furiously sleep ideas green colorless† is unacceptable. 16 Many of the properties of a generative grammar arise from an â€Å"innate† universal grammar. Transformational Grammar (TG) TG is a much more powerful kind of Generative Grammar. Chomsky rejected phrase-structure grammar because it is too simple to capture important facts about language (context-free). For example, to convert The police arrested John into John was arrested by the police A single transformational rule does all of the following: Move the police to the end of the sentence. Insert by before the police. Move John to the beginning of the sentence. Insert be before the verb arrested. Add tense-marking to convert be to was. Change the past tense arrested to the participle arrested. 17 Generative grammar shifted the focus of language study from behavior to state of the mind (behaviorism to cognition). The central concern becomes the knowledge of language: its nature, origins, and use. The three basic questions that arise, then are these: 1. What constitutes knowledge of language? 2. How is knowledge of language acquired? 3. How is knowledge of language put to use?

Harry Potter Controversy About Banning the Books

The Harry Potter controversy has gone on, in one form or another, for years, particularly before the series ended. On one side of the Harry Potter controversy are those who say that J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter books are wonderful fantasy novels with powerful messages for kids and the ability to make even reluctant readers eager readers. On the opposing end are those who say that the Harry Potter books are evil books designed to promote an interest in the occult, since Harry Potter, the hero of the series, is a wizard. In a number of states, there have been attempts, some successful and some unsuccessful, to have the Harry Potter books banned in classrooms, and banned or under severe restrictions in school libraries. For example, in Gwinnett County, Georgia, a parent challenged the Harry Potter books on the grounds that they promoted witchcraft. When school officials ruled against her, she went to the State Board of Education. When the BOE confirmed the right of local school officials to make such decisions, she took her battle against the books to court. Although the judge ruled against her, she indicated she might continue her fight against the series. As a result of all the attempts to ban the Harry Potter books, those in favor of the series also began speaking out. kidSPEAK Speaks Out American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression, the Association of American Publishers, the Association of Booksellers for Children, the Childrens Book Council, the Freedom to Read Foundation, the National Coalition Against Censorship, the National Council of Teachers of English, the PEN American Center, and the People for the American Way Foundation. What do these groups have in common? They were all sponsors of kidSPEAK!, which was initially called Muggles for Harry Potter (because in the Harry Potter series, a Muggle is a non-magical person). The organization was dedicated to helping kids with their First Amendment rights. The group was most active in the early 2000s when the Harry Potter controversy was at its height. Challenges and Support for the Harry Potter Series There have been challenges in more than a dozen states.  The Harry Potter books were number seven on the American Library Associations list of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 1990-2000, and they were number one on the ALAs Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000-2009. The End of the Series Generates New Views With the publication of the seventh and final book in the series, some people began to look back over the entire series and wonder if it might not be a Christian allegory. In his three-part article, Harry Potter: Christian Allegory or Occultist Children’s Books?  reviewer Aaron Mead suggests that Christian parents should enjoy the Harry Potter stories but focus on their theological symbolism and message. Whether or not you share the view that it is wrong to censor the Harry Potter books, they have value by giving parents and teachers the opportunity offered by the series to increase their childrens interest in reading and writing and use the books to promote family discussions about issues that might otherwise not be discussed. Reading all the books in the series will allow you to make an informed decision about the Harry Potter books for your children. Participate in Banned Books Week activities, educate yourself about your communitys and school districts policies, and speak out as needed. More About Book Banning and Censorship All About Book Banning and Childrens BooksKids Book Censorship: The Who and WhyFrequently Challenged Books of the 21st Century

A freedom greater than freedom Essay - 2455 Words

It is a common misconception that those in power necessarily have more liberty than their less powerful counterparts. Intuitively, a country’s king has the freedom to act in more ways than the peasant, the rich have more options than the poor, the slave owner rules while the slave is ruled, and a government official often treads above the laws they pen for the people. However, there is a hidden assumption in this way of thought— that liberty is proportional to quality of life. From a pragmatic point of view, most would choose the life of the king over the life of the slave, the rich over the poor, the slave owners over the slaves, or the above the law status to the law abiding one, simply because the quality of life of one is so much†¦show more content†¦We begin with Hawthorne’s Puritan soap opera and one of its principal characters, certainly one of the most pitiful men in American literature, Mr. Arthur Dimmesdale (this is not to suggest that he is cr uel, sinful or wicked, merely that one can at most feel pity for the way he supports a way of life that crushes him). Within the limits of Boston in the mid-1640’s Dimmesdale, being a minister, is quite revered. His faith is envied, his audiences awestruck and his role as a leader in the community assured. If we define power to be influence over another, then Dimmesdale holds great power in both his words and actions. However, compared with others in his community, did he have more freedom? I mean by asking the question concluding the preceding paragraph to raise another question. Are freedoms only what one is allowed to do in the public arena? Or the private arena? Or in both? Certainly, our ability to speak out against a public official is one of many easily identifiable freedoms, but there are other freedoms that go mostly undetected. For example, it is by convention that one does not swear during a formal speech to an audience. Not only do almost all public speakers abid e by this convention, but most would not even think about breaking it. They are choosing not to swear, undoubtedly, but choosing to swear isShow MoreRelated The Ontological Argument Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pages The Ontological Argument nbsp; The Ontological Argument, put forth by Saint Anselm in his Proslogium, attempts to prove the existence of God simply by the fact that we have a particular concept of God - that God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived. 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Nietzsche’s perspective further details how utility theory, as a method to determine freedom, inhibits freedom, as it appears to support the singularity of values. He would argue that prescribing a moral good of utility and saying that it is good for society as a whole, is promoting cultural specificity in that it assumes that one idea is good for everyone. NietzscheRead MoreThe Power and the Glory- Character Analysis in Terms of Freedom1114 Words   |  5 PagesThe lieutenant: The lieutenant is the priests main pursuer, charged and inspired to hunt him down no matter the means. He feels it is his responsibility to rid the state of religion in the belief that the people will have greater freedom in a secular world. On page 51, the lieutenant is resting on his bed deep in thought; â€Å"A complete certainty in the existence of a dying, cooling world of human beings who had evolved from animals for no purpose at all. He knew† The metaphor â€Å"dying, cooling world†Read MoreIt. 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Corporate Social Responsibility ( Csr ) - 1173 Words

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is highly important to Millennials. If a company is lacking a CSR plan, now it a good time to start one. Millennials are looking for ways in making a positive impact on the world and are expecting the same from companies. They are looking for companies that contribute to the betterment of communities and the environment. Millennials put great value in supporting such brands, companies and organizations that share these values. Companies without a CSR in place are potentially losing out on the millennial investor, consumer, and employee. It’s no secret millennials are of a different mindset than other demographics. Millennials hold different values from other groups such as the baby boomers. In†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â€"  1 in 3 tend to praise organization/groups that are involved in social causes. ââ€"  4 in 5 are more likely to purchase from a company that support a cause that they care about. ââ€"  3 in 4 strongly believe corporations should create economic value for society by addressing its needs. Millennials are looking for companies that are more likely to support areas of social and environmental efforts that they are interested and passionate about. In a study, 2015 Cone Communications Millennial CSR reveals: †¢ 87% of millennials will purchase products with a social or environmental benefit as opposed to the US average of 83%. †¢ 82% of millennials would tell friends and family of CSR efforts, 10% more than the US average. Studies show an overwhelming percentage of millennials far more likely to support a company that share its values and beliefs over the average person in the U.S. Companies that have an active and well thought out CSR that align with millennial expectation can result in more profitability, better word of mouth and potentially have a consumer for life. To be successful in today s market and maintain a competitive advantage, businesses must have a CSR implemented to attract and succeed in the millennial sector. An article titled â€Å"Corporate social responsibility is millennials new religion† reinforces the positive perception of CSR and are willing to support it as well as give negative feedback on those who don’t.

The history of Christmas free essay sample

The History Of Christmas Christmas Time The tradition of winter festivals is a long-standing 1. Many civilizations believed that the cold and dark of winter was a clip when their Supreme beings were in conflict with enemies, and they would keep jubilations in order to assist their divinities win. Scandinavia, where the construct of a # 8216 ; Yuletide # 8217 ; originally evolved, would see a period of several yearss where the Sun did non demo at all in the deepness of winter, and would keep a festival in order to announce its reappearance. The winter solstice was besides the most practical clip for banquets to be held: cowss which could non be fed through the winter were slaughtered in the late fall, and as a consequence the winter would be the one clip when European provincials were most likely to hold a stock of fresh meat, which needed to be either salted, or eaten. Equally the beer which had been brewed in the fall would be merely ready to imbibe by the clip that the winter festivals came about. It is hence no surprise that by the clip of Christianity there was already an constituted history of festivals which were held in late December. One of the most noteworthy jubilations was the Roman Saturnalia # 8211 ; a hedonic festival where friends would be visited and nowadayss exchanged. However, the 25th of December was besides sacred to the Persian faith of Mithraism, as the birthday of their God.The early Christian Church did non observe the birth of Christ, preferring to concentrate on his decease and Resurrection at Easter. Christmas may hold been celebrated from every bit early as 98AD, but it was merely in 350AD that Pope Julius I declared Christmas to be the 25th of December. The day of the month of Christ # 8217 ; s birth is non really mentioned in the Bible, and the presence of shepherds croping their sheep on the hillsides has led many scriptural bookmans to propose that Christ must hold been born during the spring. However, the pick of the 25th of December has infl uenced the development of the Christmas festival irreversibly. Many of the traditions associated with winter solstice festivals seamlessly became portion of the Western tradition of Christmas clip. Over the centuries many have tried to return to a more grave jubilation of Christ # 8217 ; s birth: Oliver Cromwell cancelled Christmas after the events of the English Civil War, disgusted by the behavior of common people on what was supposed to be a spiritual festival. The Puritans in Boston even declared Christmas illegal for a period in the seventeenth century, and at that place was a all right for anyone who celebrated the juncture. Although Christmas would non go a federal vacation until 1870 in the US, the traditions environing Christmas developed and grew during the 19th and 20th centuries, to go the Christmas that we, and the shopping Centres of the universe, celebrate today. Christmas Furnishings Many of the established Christmas clip traditions have small or nil to make with the scriptural history of Christ # 8217 ; s birth. Some existed for 100s, or 1000s of old ages before Christianity, whilst others have evolved, apparently out of nil, over the past few centuries.Evergreen trees and workss were frequently used in the spiritual festivals of the past. During the winter, when everything else was deceasing, the go oning green of fir-trees and mistletoe was considered to symbolize the metempsychosis that would come in the spring. As a consequence evergreen leaf was used in winter festivals by the Vikings, whilst Druids in Britain and France would adorn trees with fruit and tapers in honor of their harvest Gods. The Roman Saturnalia besides used to adorn their houses with trees bedecked with tapers and other bright bangles. Harmonizing to legend, Martin Luther decorated trees with tapers to reflect the beauty of the stars. In England, the tradition was resurrected by Prince Al bert in 1841. The royal household led the manner and Christmas trees became an established portion of the gay season.Holly and Mistletoe have besides become a cardinal portion of Christmas. Mistletoe was frequently used by Druids. It was believed to hold mystical powers, and it was frequently hung over doors in order to maintain out evil influences. The tradition of snoging under the mistletoe may hold come from Scandinavia, where mistletoe was associated with the goddess of love, Frigga. Because of its heathen associations, the Christian Church objected to mistletoe being used for Christmas jubilations. As a replacement they suggested holly, another evergreen, claiming that the crisp foliages represented Christ # 8217 ; s Crown of irritants, and the ruddy berries symbolised beads of his blood. Both workss have become a portion of the seasonal festivities.The 12 yearss of Christmas do seemingly hold a Christian beginning: they are the 12 yearss between Christmas twenty-four hours a nd the banquet of the Epiphany ( which harmonizing to different readings is either the twenty-four hours of Christ # 8217 ; s baptism or the visit of the wise work forces ) . It is considered bad fortune if all of the Christmas ornaments have non been taken down by the terminal of the 12th twenty-four hours # 8211 ; the 6th of January.Christmas cards emerged in Germany in the 15th century. Rather than being greetings cards, they were devotional images to be hung in the place, wishing the household a good and blest twelvemonth. In the 18th century the tradition began to turn, when seasonally decorated cards were used as visiting cards left for absent friends. However, Christmas cards would make their extremum with the coming of the British mailing system in the mid-nineteenth century. Now that letters could be sent around the state at high velocity and for low costs, Christmas cards became popular as a inexpensive manner to direct Christmas wants to friends and relatives that you w ould non see over the gay season.They were peculiarly popular as a card, sent in an uncertain envelope cost merely half a penny, half the monetary value of a full letter.Father Christmas’ narrative is good known. The original theoretical account for Santa, was Saint Nicholas, the bishop of Myra. Harmonizing to fable, he brought a dowery for three misss, who were excessively hapless to happen hubbies. Whilst they were kiping he put the gift in their stockings, which were hanging by the fire to dry. The cult of Saint Nicholas spread across much of Europe, and St Nicholas’ Day, December 6th, was a twenty-four hours for giving and kindness when parents would offer nowadayss to their kids. The thought of St Nicholas spread to America with the Dutch settlers, and it was the American imperativeness which transformed Father Christmas into his current image. Clement Moore’s poem ‘The Night Before Christmas’ , published in 1822, introduced the universe to Father Christmas’ winging caribou, and the manner that he dist ributed nowadayss down chimney tonss. We discovered what Santa Claus looks like, when a magazine called Harpers Weekly published a series of images by the cartoonist Thomas Nash. His ruddy suit with white fixingss came, coincidently, from St Nicholas, whose bishop’s robes would hold been ruddy and white. Boxing Day There are presently two chief theories about where the tradition and name of # 8216 ; Boxing Day # 8217 ; came from. Some claim that most retainers had to work on Christmas Day itself, so that they would merely be able to go forth the house and see their households on the undermentioned twenty-four hours, the 26th of December. This was when the maestro or kept woman of the house would give the employees their Christmas boxes. Over clip the tradition has expanded, so that now boxes or gifts are given to anybody who has provided a service over the old twelvemonth: from milkmen to cleaners.The 2nd theory is that Boxing Day is really linked to the Feast of St Stephen on the 26th of December. One of the seven original deacons of the church, St Stephen was ordained to supply alms and attention for widows and the hapless. St Stephen # 8217 ; s Day was the clip when the church alms boxes were opened up and the money interior was distributed to mendicants and the needy.Boxing Day has likel y existed in Britain since the Middle Ages, but it became a public bank vacation in 1871, officially falling on the first weekday after Christmas. New Year The construct of observing the morning of the New Year goes back a really long manner so. The ancient Babylonians are believed to hold celebrated the New Year more than 4000 old ages ago. They even had the modern tradition of doing declarations to symbolize a fresh start. However, the Babylonians celebrated the New Year at the first new Moon after the start of spring, fiting the metempsychosis in nature and the start of a new twelvemonth in agribusiness. The Romans excessively began by observing the New Year at some clip in late March. However, the Roman calendar had some troubles in fiting the motions of the Sun, and although the New Year was celebrated in March, this did non needfully intend that it was being celebrated in the springtime. Finally in 153 BC the Senate declared that the start of the New Year was to come on January 1st. It is believed that the month of January may be named after Janus, a ambidextrous Roman God, who symbolised alteration and metempsychosis. His two fac es looked back into the old twelvemonth, and frontward into the new. The Roman calendar, nevertheless, would non eventually settle until the Julian system was introduced in 46BC. Although Julius kept the 1st of January as the start of the New Year, 47BC had been a 445 twenty-four hours twelvemonth, in order to acquire the calendar back in line with the seasons. As a consequence the New Year jubilations that the Romans handed down to us were in the center of winter. It should be noted that the early Christian Church disapproved of New Year festivities every bit late as the Middle Ages, sing them to be a heathen ritual.The New Year has ever been much more of import in Scotland than England. During the early portion of this century, many Scots would work through Christmas, salvaging their jubilations until January and the Hogmanay celebrations. The term # 8216 ; Hogmanay # 8217 ; may hold come from an Anglo Saxon term for # 8216 ; holy month # 8217 ; , or a Celtic phrase significan ce # 8216 ; new forenoon # 8217 ; . Traditionally canons fire and bells sound to tag the New Year and so people venture out of their houses for the tradition of # 8216 ; First Footing # 8217 ; . It has frequently been believed in the yesteryear that whatever happens in the first hours of a New Year will impact the family # 8217 ; s fortune for the following 12 months. Harmonizing to the rite of # 8216 ; First Footing # 8217 ; , good fortune will come if the first individual to traverse the threshold after the sounding of the New Year is a tall dark adult male transporting gifts of whiskey, coal and nutrient. The significance of the gifts is reasonably self-explanatory, intending that you will hold them in copiousness over the undermentioned twelvemonth. The importance of person tall and dark is more hard to explicate, although it has been suggested that this dates from the yearss of Viking invasions, when the presence of a blond adult male on your doorsill was barely a mark o f luck.The other great tradition of New Year # 8217 ; s Eve is besides Scots in beginning. # 8216 ; Auld Lang Syne # 8217 ; intending # 8216 ; old long ago # 8217 ; was written, at least in portion, by Robert Burns, and was published after his decease in 1796. Now sung around the universe, the vocal has two poetries, and the words are as below: Should old familiarity be forgot, and neer called to mind.Should old familiarity be forgot and yearss of Auld Lang Syne.For auld lang syne, my beloved. For auld lang syne.We # 8217 ; ll take a cup of kindness yet for the yearss of auld lang syne.Should old familiarity be forgot and neer called to mind.Should old familiarity be forgot and yearss of auld lang syne.And here # 8217 ; s a manus, my trustworthy friend. And gie # 8217 ; s a manus O # 8217 ; thine.We # 8217 ; ll take a cup of kindness yet for the yearss of auld lang syne.

Portrayal of colonisers and the colonised in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay Example For Students

Portrayal of colonisers and the colonised in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay Joseph Conrads novella Heart of Darkness was published 1902, after first being a three-part series in magazines. This book is one of the most influential books in world literature, it has made a huge impact on other authors and some of them have even written a whole book about this book. For example the Swedish author Olof Lagercrantz has written a whole book Fà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rd med Mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rkrets Hjà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rta (eng: Walk with Heart of Darkness), where he analyses Conrads work. The book has also been made in to a movie (Heart of Darkness), and inspired a making of another film, Apocalypse Now. The book is about colonisation and can be refer to any colonisation at any time. During the entire book Marlowe, the main character, is retelling the story. In short, the book is about how far the human can go for money and power and also how easily a human being can forget what is right and what is wrong when he is put in unfamiliar environment. In the beginning of the book a story is being told about a Danish man who got killed by the natives after he had attacked them. The reason was because of a misunderstanding about some hence. The Danish man is, or rather was, described as the gentlest, quietest creature that ever walked on two legs. This statement makes it even more clear how much the coloniser was marked by being in a colony and how many of them went from being absolutely normal to become crazy. Another example of this can be exemplified by the doctor who examines Marlowe when he is going out to work in the colony. He says that most of the men he examines never return, that they disappears out there. He even asks Marlowe if he has any madness in his family. There you can see the doctors point of the whole colonisation that you have to be insane to go out there. Before Marlowe leaves, the doctor tells Marlowe Du calme, du calme. Adieu. Here the doctor is warning Marlowe about the dangerous life out there and if he is going to have any chance of survival he better keep calm. Another interesting thing to notice is the natives reactions when they had killed the Danish man. Even though the natives killed him in self-defence they felt so bad about their action that the whole population escaped. They were also so frightened over their action. They could not stand to live there after what they had done.. Something to have in mind here is did they coloniser feel the same after killing one man? Well obviously not, because otherwise they would not keep doing it. Already here, in the beginning of the book you feel that there is a huge gulf between the coloniser and the colonised. At one point Marlowe describes the colonised as lively people, they shouted and sang and they wanted no excuse for being there. Because it was their country, of course you dont need an excuse for being in your own country. It were their country that they had grown up in and then suddenly some white people came and took all their rights away from them. The colonisers treated them like animals, described them as dusty niggers, enemies and criminals. The following two quotes point at a very distinct different between the two groups. The black man is being described as I could see every rib, the joints of their limbs were like knots in a rope; each had an iron collar on his neck, and all were connected together with a chain whose bights swung between them, rhythmically clinking. Meanwhile the white man is being described like this I took him for a sort of vision. I saw a high starched collar, white cuffs, I light alpaca jacket, snowy trousers, a clear necktie, and varnished boots. No hat. Hair parted, brushed, oiled, under a green-lined parasol held in a big white hand. He was amazing, and had a penholder behind his ear. There is a big difference in the description of the two men, the white man is being portrayed as amazing. While the black man is being portrayed as far away from amazing as possible. He his being described as if he has done something terrible and that he is pretty much worthless. Marlowe also describes the colonised man as if he could see every rib in his body, compared to the white man as which he describes as having a big white hand. My point is that Marlowe didnt have to mention that his hand was big, he could have said parasol held in a white hand. But I think big has a purpose in this context, that he really wants to mark the big difference between the colonised and the coloniser. Not just that the white people had more powe r, but also that they look so different and that they lived a wealthy life in the colony with good food and drinks. Meanwhile the colonised, whose ribs you could even see, almost were starving to death. .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15 , .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15 .postImageUrl , .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15 , .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15:hover , .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15:visited , .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15:active { border:0!important; } .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15:active , .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15 .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udb22380247871badaa517374f4757d15:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Against Interpretation By Susan Sontag EssayOne strong scene in the book is when the coloniser blamed a black man for starting a fire, as punishment they beat him so hard that he almost died and then they left him alone in a corner. Later the white man discussed the incident with Marlowe and the white man says Serve him rightThats the only way. This will prevent all conflagrations for the future According to the white man this was the only right thing to do. They didnt try to find out what happen and who or what started the fire, and they didnt even considered to solve it without violence. This scene says pretty much everything about the colonisers ruthlessness against the colonised. At the same time Marlow later on makes a point about the colonised not being enemies, he shows sympathy towards black people. As if he knows that everything that goes on there are wrong, but he and nobody else dares to say something about it. They are afraid to stand out, maybe they will loose their jobs if they would, which means that they dont have the money to bring home to their family. But the more we read the book it gets clearer and clearer that the white people only are there for the money. For example Mr Kurtz is being described as a great person. Why? Because he sends in as much ivory as all the other. The more money you get and the crueller you are, the greater you are. I have also noticed that in the part when a man asks Marlowe to tell Mr Kurtz everything here is very satisfactory. he finishes with that he doesnt like to send messages because you never know who will get hold of your letter. The point here is that they didnt trust anyone else but themselves. They didnt ev en trust their own people. Almost like the white see the whole colonisation as one big competition and they dont want to share their success with others. An interesting change in the book is when Marlowe, after a twenty-mile walk, finally meat the manager at the station. Now Marlowe is the one who is being treated like he was less worthy. The manager is being extremely nonchalant and cold to him. After a walk of twenty mile the least you expect is to being offered to sit down, which the man didnt do to Marlowe. Marlowe also talks about the manager as if he had neither learning nor intelligence. Which makes you wonder why is he there? How did he come there without learning or intelligence? According to my reflection he came to the colony because he is ice cold. A quote that really proves his heartlessness is this one Men who come out here should have no entrails. I interpret this as the colonisers dont really care about who comes and work for them in the colony, as long as he is willing to do all the missions he is given. While the story is told Marlow is sailing on the Thames, which is located in a part of London that once were colonised by the Romans. Thames is the only real place that we know for sure is being described in the book. But we do know that the story Marlow is telling is about an unnamed European colony in Africa. Marlowe describes the Thames as is has been one of the darkest places on the earth. In the book we also being located somewhere that really sounds as the Congo River in Africa. Then we can relate Thames as the Congo River, but we can also make parallels between London and Congo. The point is that the white people treat the black people just as bad as the Romans treated them. Which is a bit of a paradox. .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c , .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c .postImageUrl , .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c , .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c:hover , .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c:visited , .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c:active { border:0!important; } .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c:active , .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube5e60f38edf6343019da109d262cd4c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald EssaySo what is Conrad trying to say about the title Heart of Darkness? Is he trying to make a point how horrible the colonisation really where for everyone, not just the natives. Or is he trying to show how the dark people literally were pushed down by the white people, wanting to make it even clearer that they hadnt done anything wrong and showing how helpless they were? Maybe his point is to show us the darkness in the white peoples heart? Conrad is perhaps talking about the geographical darkness? That the jungle is one of the darkest place, for instance that the river is one of the darkest places in the book. Because the river is the reason why the black people are there, without the river they wouldnt have anything to do- no river-no trading.